The Sepoy Mutiny Of 1857 Essays - British East India Company

The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 As with any conflict or controversy there are always two sides to the debate, and the events in India during 1857 are certainly no exception. Given the situation in India during the nineteenth century it is hardly surprising that such a polarisation of opinion exists regarding the context of the rebellious events during that year. The British being in control of the subcontinent and their sense of superiority over their Indian subjects, would naturally seek to downplay any acts of rebellion. While the Indian subjects on the other hand would arguably wish to exaggerate and over emphasise the importance of these events, as a means of promoting the nationalist cause for self determination. The truth of the events themselves, does it lie towards the British account or the Indian pro nationalistic side, or could there be a certain amount of truth in both sides of the debate. Metcalf in his account cites three indisputable factors behind the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. Primarily he sees `accumulating grievances of the Sepoy Army of Bengal' as the most important factor. The reasons behind this `deterioration of morale' amongst the army lay with several reasons. Much of the Sepoy army was comprised of `Brahmins and other high caste Hindus' who assisted in promoting a `focus of sedition'. The `generally poor ezdard of British officers', plus the lack of improvement to the overall position of those men serving in the army also increased the level of tension. At this point it should be remembered that the `Bengal Army differed from those of Bengal and Madras', as the Bombay and Madras armies took no part in the rebellion of 1857. But the more pronounced military factor was the lack of British troops in the `Gangetic plain' meant that many areas were `virtually denuded of British troops'. These military grievances which although significant were not themselves enough to incite rebellion, as it took a perceived attack on the Sepoy religious institutions to trigger of the rebellion. The first of these perceived threats was that the British government was preparing to dismantle the caste system and `convert them forcibly to Christianity'. Although not based on fact the actions of some `pious British officers did nothing to dispel' the rumours to the contrary. Added to this British lethargy was the Brahmins who tended to be `peculiarly watchful for potential threats to their religion and caste'. Secondly, the introduction in 1857 of the `new Enfield rifle' with its distinct ammunition, which required the bullet to be `bitten before loading'. Rumours that the grease used on the bullets was either from the fat of cattle or pigs, which either proved `sacred to Hindus' or `pollution to Muslims', was interpreted as attacking at the core of the Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs. These rumours unlike those regarding the conversion to Christianity and dismantling of the caste system, did prove to have a factual basis, as the British government `withdrew the objectionable grease'. This belated action proved futile as the damage had already been done. However this only accounts for the military aspects of the uprising which display the version of events `accepted in official circles [as] basically army mutinies'. This version preferred by the British fails to acknowledge the level of `widespread unrest among the civilian population', who saw much of the British government's actions as amounting to interference and contempt for the `long established rules and customs'. Disraeli saw the causes of the uprising as not being the `conduct of men who were ... the exponents of general discontent' amongst the Bengal army. For Disraeli the root cause was the overall administration by the government, which he regarded as having `alienated or alarmed almost every influential class in the country'. Yet other British saw the overall social situation and government administration as having no effect in causing the uprising. For officials like Sir John Lawrence the `immediate cause of the revolt' was the concerns held by Sepoys over the new ammunition for the Enfield rifles. However, he sees this as just the trigger incident, with the root cause being the long term reduction in discipline in the army and the poor ezdard of officers in command. The British ezdpoint is to regard

buy custom The Right to Defend Oneself essay

buy custom The Right to Defend Oneself essay Human rights are general, basic rights as well as freedoms to which individuals are entitled. Proponents of the human rights concept usually assert precisely that all humans are endowed linearly with certain entitlements because of merely being human. Human rights are henceforth, conceived in an egalitarian and Universalist fashion (Scott 134-143). Such entitlements actually exist as shared norms of human moralities as moral justified norms or precisely as natural rights that have the support through strong reasons. They also thrive as legal rights at a national level or relatively within the proponents of international law (Michael 156). However, there is no accord as to the exact nature of what particularly should be termed as a human right. The right to defend one-self is a component of human rights. It is clear from the clause under Self-defense in the human rights chapter (David Joanne 43178). Scott defines it as a countermeasure involving defending one-self, ones well-being or one's property from any form of physical harm (134-143). Using the right of self-defense legally for justification forcefully in times of danger is present and acknowledged in many jurisdictions (Michael 156). However, there are varying interpretations of each definition with the respective jurisdictions. Being acquitted of any form of physical harm-related crime for instance battery and assault with the use of self-defense justification requires one to prove legal provocation (John 17-54). It means that one should prove that they indubitably were in a position that warranted self-defense and the situation they were in would most probably lead to serious injury to limb, life, or loss of property. Charles argues that personal self-defense is a precisely well established as a human right in the limelight of the international law (213). He also argues that it is an indispensable foundation actually in the writings of international law. The United Nations since the 1990s has been putting a prime focus on the increasing attention on principles behind international firearms control, as a means of self-defense (David Joanne 43178). UN-backed programs promoted as well as funded the confiscation and surrender of citizen firearms in the majority of nations around the world therefore, contradicting the rights to defend one-self (Shute Hurley 38). The United Nations made subsidies on the proponents of a referendum in national gun confiscation on October 2005 in Brazil, (Michael 156). A sub commission from the same United Nations to the Human Rights Council department declared that there is literally no human right to defend one-self and that tremendously strict gun control should be a human right that all governments are mandated to put into effect immediately (John 17-54). The Human Rights Council in full is projected to take up the whole issue and disseminate similar orders regarding the right to defend one-self. The declaration puts into effect a report for the HRC from Rapporteur Barbara Frey (Scott 134-143). Regarding to the Frey standard adopted lately by the United Nations, all restrictive gun laws in many countries including the United States, for instance those in Washington, D.C., are violations literately of the human rights law released lately, because they are inadequately stringent (Todd 145). For instance, an individual in New York City obtaining a permit to possess a gun may use the gun for a several purposes, for example, shooting or collecting clay pigeons, home-defense or bird hunting whereas the UN would require that a legal license enumerate particular purposes for the gun use (Michael 156). Charles says that additionally, every jurisdiction globally is in violation of human rights law including the right to defend one-self (213). This he explains that the countrys laws allow officials of law enforcement to directly use deadly force for instance a handgun in prevention of certain crimes namely rape or sexual assault even in cases where the law enforcement officer actually has no reason to prospect that the victim might end up being killed or injured (Forsythe 18-27). The anti-firearms and anti-self-defense mandates from the UN are unlikely to be adopted directly as law by many jurisdictions across the globe or by the respective state legislatures. Nevertheless, there are many ways, discussed infra that purported international law gives the mandate and imposes on the individuals without legislative consent (Shute Hurley 38). John contemplates that in most jurisdictions across the globe, defense of self is an affirmative defense to all types of criminal charges (John 17-54) for an act of violence. It provides thorough enlightenment when the degree or level of violence used is proportionate or comparable to the faced threat, so intense force would only be in excuse in situations of "deadly" danger, (Todd 145). The defense would ultimately fail, for instance, if a defendant intentionally killed a trivial thief who did not literally appear to be a kind of physical threat (Shute Hurley 38). Similarly, when an assailant finally ceases to be a form of a threat, for example, by being tackled or even restrained, fleeing, or surrendering, the defense fails if the party presses on to the immediate attack (Michael 156). A somewhat less noticeable application of this type of rule is that accepting the use of force in an attempt of disabling rather than killing the assailant can relative in construction as total evidence, which the defendant was not enough danger justifying lethall force preliminary (Forsythe 18-27). Robertson John argue that sometimes there is a duty for retreating that makes the defense problematic in application to abusive relationships and in other brutal or burglary situations given the castle exception (76-79). The exception argues that an individual cannot be expected to in any way, retreat from one's home. In other words, it explains that walking away would be the ideal approach to defend one-self under such circumstances (David Joanne 43178). John reflects that in some countries mainly the U.S. states, the "pre-emptive" concept self defense is limited through a requirement that the pertinent threat be imminent (17-54). Therefore, lawful "pre-emptive" right to defend one-self self-defense is merely the act of landing the initial-blow in a situation, which has reached a no hope point for de-escalation or even in the escape (Todd 145). Many self-defense experts and instructors believe that if the pertinent situation is as clear-cut as feeling certain violence being unavoidable, the respective defender has a better chance of survival in such a situation by landing the first blow gaining the upper hand immediately to stop the risk (Scott 134-143). Charles adds that justification for right to defend one-self usually cannot be eloquent in application to particular actions committed after a definite criminal act has already taken place (213). For instance, a rape victim cannot justify defense after the actual act of rape is committed and then the rapist leaves. The victim cannot justify the right to defend one-self after subsequently finding the rapist later and shooting him (Shute Hurley 38). Most other victims particularly of assaultive offenses are quite similar not entitled to the right to defend one-self if they literally act in revenge (Forsythe 18-27). In many global jurisdictions apart from U.S. jurisdiction, the use of deadly force against robbers or any type of burglar attempting to escape with individual property is also not justifiable as the right to defend one-self (Robertson John 76-79). The issue of right to defend oneself has had substantial developments over the years. Since the Cold War, many activists on disarmament have turned their prime focus from the control of government-owned arms especially of mass destruction to the prohibition of civilian firearms stipulated to defend one-self (Todd 145). Increasingly, advocates for firearms prohibition contend that firearms prohibition is crucial in the protection of human rights even if they are keen perpetuators of the right to defend one-self (Michael 156). The theory posited by the respective disarmament community is that generally, fewer firearms lead to relatively fewer human rights abuses (Robertson John 76-79). Buy custom The Right to Defend Oneself essay

Assessing the Potential Risk of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tsunamis Essay

Assessing the Potential Risk of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tsunamis - Essay Example The reason behind the occurrence of earthquakes is noted to be the excessive energy that has been accumulated within the layers of earth. Notably in the case of Dallas, Texas, it could be said that the energy has been releasing through the occurrence of earthquake every year which makes the probability of the earthquake predictable but with relatively lesser magnitude. Considering the four seasonal-geographical conditions of Dallas, it can be said that the delocalization of crust is less accumulating. The occurrence of earthquakes at Dallas has projected the duration of thunderstorms much longer. Also, the hurricanes and snowstorms are predictable at Dallas mainly because of the occurrence of earthquake that releases energy off the earth surface displaying disturbance of the earth crust to minor extent (Resources for Environmental Literacy, 2007). The generation of Tsunamis is due to the disturbance of the large amount of water waves underneath. This may happen due to the eruption of volcano, land sliding or the contact of tectonic plates of the earth. This may affect the waves of water which may travel 600mph. Considering the case of Tsunami in Dallas, Texas, there has been no activity on the active tectonic layer of Dallas which makes Dallas a less vulnerable region for the generation of Tsunami. The active tectonic plates in Texas in whole is considered as an out of alert zone for tsunami as per the predictions. Tsunami’s generation is more likely to take place at the active tectonic layer of Mexico and the near coastal areas of United States (Hasiholan, 2007). The eruption of volcano takes place when about 17 layers of earth are dismantled and or broken. The layers of earth are then set beneath the ground usually on the hotter layer of the earth crust. Earth mantle is the hottest temperate area which makes the stones and other earthy elements to

Reflect on Challenges and Successes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflect on Challenges and Successes - Assignment Example How they would overcome the challenges to boost the learning process as a whole. Modifying of the curriculum to fit the learners’ best interest was part of the research. This paper was prepared from materials and articles obtained in the library. Other data collected was direct to the field study at near local schools where I attended their full-time curriculum and interacted with the learners as well. I also used books on education to relate to my field study. Through the interaction with students, also had questionnaires that were both oral and others were in written form to those who wanted confidentiality. Most of the learners came out freely and told their mind of what they thought education was like (Hopkins 2008). According to, Philpott, a Masters student from the University of Edinburgh, she comes out clearly and explains the challenges that are facing the school system. Also from the researching policy, I found that despite the existence of the comprehensive structure of roles and responsibility, several policies do advocate for educational issues of health and HIV/AIDS and biased gender. Subsequently, there is seen to be the lack of effectiveness of the communication flows, monitoring of the learners, training of the teachers and overall evaluation of the education curriculum system (Radin, 2006). Lack of trained personnel and lack of essential learning equipment to both teachers and the students due to increased poverty level that has resonated the entire school environment. Most institutions lacked qualified trained personnel. Scarcity of reading and learning materials by the developing nations is seen to be a challenging factor as well (Radin, 2006). Socio-cultural practices are also witnessed to paralyzes the education system where in some ethnic groups do not offer education to the girl child terming it a misuse of finical resources. Cases of school dropout are amongst the most

6 Seperate 1 page Reading Summaries Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

6 Seperate 1 page Reading Summaries - Article Example The author attempts to prove this point by examining the available literature on the topic. This begins with a lengthy quote from Hobbes in which it is argued that virtues and vices are a product of â€Å"the different constitution of the body and partly from different education† (445). As the author points out from this passage, Hobbes held that the primary motivation for the development of these vices or virtues was a man’s desires or passions. Other thinkers examined include Ralph Waldo Emerson, who suggests that the lazy man simply accepts what comes his way while the man with passion will seek to discover the truth, and John Dewey, who explores the concept of ‘reflective thinking.’ To conclude her argument, Zebzewski suggests that there isn’t a significant difference between the concepts of intellectual virtue or moral virtue because they both tend to lead one in the same direction. Actions, thoughts and behavior all tend to run along the same lines. There is a distinction, though, between ‘virtues that lead to certainty’ as compared with ‘virtues that lead to understanding’ as what it takes to know something is definitely true is not typically the same thing as figuring out what it takes to understand something as it is – the sum is not always equal to the parts. Stewart Cohen, in his article â€Å"Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Scepticism, Gettier and the Lottery,† argues against previous claims made by David Lewis regarding solutions to the three epistemological problems listed in the title. Cohen’s main contention is that Lewis’s contextual approach to these problems, in which he applies â€Å"certain mechanisms of context-sensitivity – what he calls ‘rules of relevance’† (706), overreaches it bounds and is therefore not able to solve the Gettier problem. To make his

Social and Emotional Well Being

Social and Emotional Well Being Social and Emotional Well Being Introduction Social and emotional well-being has been the area of interest for people belonging to different walks of life but still it remains the least researched area in relation to the nursing profession (Health I, 2010). Nurses play a valuable part in patient care as they interact directly with the patient and are also involved in decision making about the treatment at various instances. Therefore the ability of a nurse to understand different elements influencing social and emotional well being of a person is of critical importance (Litwin, 2011). Though current bio-medical practices have provided enough facilities and now treatment has become much easier but still human beings have specific emotional demands. Nurses while taking care of their patients must understand and care for various SWEB perspectives. They must also take into account the cultural values, family dynamics, relationship conflicts and communication barriers a patient faces. Without having complete understanding of a patie nt’s emotional and social situation it is impossible to ensure environment facilitating appropriate healthcare delivery. In the present literature there are different opinions about the importance of social and emotional well-being perspectives and their role in assuring suitable environment for healthcare delivery. The coming paragraphs will discuss opinions of various authors in relation to these perspective and then a conclusion will be drawn as to how understanding of different dynamics of SEWB becomes imperative for a nurse. Bio-medical model says that health is a condition wherein a person does not face any kind of disability or disease. Proponents of this model are deeply obsessed by the concepts of biochemical and pathogenic origin of the disease (Kobau et al., 2011). While on the other hand, there are many scholars (Wang et al., 2010, Latwin et al. 2010 etc) who believe that social and emotional wellbeing is as important as the physical health of a person. In simpler words well-being can be called as existence of satisfactory condition. According to bio medical journal (2011) a person aspiring to create the environment of complete social and emotional well-being must be able to satisfy the needs by coping with the environmental pressures. Social and personal resources and physical capacities of a person all can be brought under the umbrella of social and emotional well being (BMJ, 2011). Here it is important to distinguish between the concept of social and emotional well being amongst indigenous and the idea of mental health amongst non-indigenous settings. In indigenous settings the idea of social and emotional well-being comes more from the culture, land, spirituality, family values and how all these elements affect health and life of a person. While on the other hand, mental health amongst non-indigenous people focuses more on clinical perspectives and the level of functioning of a person in social environment (Larson et al., 2009). Marmot (2010) says that in the culture of aboriginals and Torres Islanders the so cial and emotional well-being cannot be achieved solely by achieving physical health instead there is a need to cover a wide range of issues including trauma, violence, abuse and domestic conflicts. Wang et al. (2010) favors the concept of social and emotional well-being of aboriginals saying that complex, multi-dimensional model of healthcare cannot work without appropriate understanding and communication. Each and every person should work according to the clear lines of responsibilities. They must show capability and capacity to support and assume the responsibility of joint care in health management system (Wang et al., 2010). It means that Nurses and doctors should try to fond various social factors that affect the physical and mental condition of a patient. Wang et al. (2010) also argue that the entire system cannot work in isolation and here is a need to boost linkage amongst all the players through communication and understanding. For healthcare providers it is critical to understand different perceptions of health because they cannot facilitate a diverse range of people one by utilizing stereotypic principles. Here it is also important to note that there cannot be one model to cater the needs of all patients instead an integrated approach should be developed based on human understanding. Each model can prove be suitable to one condition for which it has been developed and not for every patient facing different health issues (Kobau et al., 2010). Thomas et al. (2010) believes that the indigenous concept of social and emotional well-being is more effective because it works on the basic principles of human health. It takes into account community, family, spirituality and ancestry. All these elements provide a person with a unique reservoir of recovery when he has o face adversity (Thomas et al., 2010). In the above context, in order to bring social and emotional well-being in a community it is critical to understand cultural and behavioral dimensions of a person’s well-being. But in contrast to the above proponents of the Medical Model and Mental Health Plan believe that mental health is all about achieving condition wherein a person is able to interact socially. He must be able to cope with the social stress while working in a productive manner and having optimum opportunities for development. For instance Helliwell et al. (2010) oppose the concept of SEWB as presented by the aboriginal community saying that this is a broader concept that puts emphasizes on changing society instead of changing the condition of the person who is ill. In most of the cases it is possible to reshape the entire society and the effort can become a time waste. On the other hand, if focus is maintained on reshaping the health condition of a person, good results can be obtained (Helliwell et al., 2010). Huber et al. (2011) also reinforce the above standpoint saying that extreme focus on the social and emotional well being of a person withdraws attention from the basic principles of diagnosis. More attention is given to changing the society instead of reshaping the health condition of the patient. This is an extreme approach according to which the person who is affected must not be dealt for his illness and the entire society should be forced to change. Yoon et al. (2008) also strongly criticize the social and emotional well being concept saying that this idea is disruptive as it brings a lot of confusion and shifts the attention of the healthcare provider from the basic principles of medicine to completely a different approach that is also impractical. This approach does not help anyone understand the cause of disease or disability (Yoon et al., 2008). Yoon et al. (2008) also believe that the concept of SEWB denies the diagnostic criterion that is set to identify the origin and cause of a disease. Existing definitions of physical and mental ailments do not fit to this concept. According to him this idea is also unrealistic because if society could play a strong role to change one person then everyone else living in the same society must change and experience the same symptoms. Conclusion Torres Islanders and Aboriginals favor the concept of social and emotional health and well-being and while working with them it becomes even more important to take care of what they believe in. Many scholars also favor this idea saying that this is the perspective that shows positive and holistic approach to the physical and emotional well being of a person. According to them social, emotional, physical well being cannot be achieved without a holistic approach that focuses on the life of families, communities and individuals. A nurse working on the basic principles of social and emotional well-being can participate in the integrated care plan very effectively. She can also participate in the healthcare programs designed for patients coming from a diverse range of backgrounds and cultures. Through such practices patients are also empowered and a range of needs and problems of these people who come to find treatment are addressed. Though there are opposing views as well and many believ e that extreme focus on these dynamics can withdraw attention of the healthcare provider from the actual matter. However, in my opinion the social and emotional well being should be taken into account while finalizing the medical approach for treatment. It helps the medical practitioner to identify the cause and origin of a specific health condition and then suitable treatment options such as medication, change of environment, counseling and other remedies can be suggested. This the only way to appreciate the role of society that it plays in changing the physical and mental state of a person. Without appropriate diagnosis of a patient’s state and origin of his disability or disease cannot be identified and finally suitable treatment options can also not be selected. References Heath, I. (2010). Conceptual Explorations on Person-centered Medicine 2010: Person-centered prevention and health promotion.International journal of integrated care,10(Suppl). Helliwell, J. F., Wang, S. (2010).Trust and well-being(No. w15911). National Bureau of Economic Research. Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., Horst, H. V. D., Jadad, A. R., Kromhout, D., Smid, H. (2011). How should we define health?.BMJ-British Medical Journal,343(6), d4163. Kobau, R., Seligman, M. E., Peterson, C., Diener, E., Zack, M. M., Chapman, D., Thompson, W. (2011). Mental health promotion in public health: perspectives and strategies from positive psychology.American Journal of Public Health,101(8). Litwin, H., Shiovitz-Ezra, S. (2011). Social network type and subjective well-being in a national sample of older Americans.The Gerontologist,51(3), 379-388.. Larson, A., Gillies, M., Howard, P. J., Coffin, J. (2009). Its enough to make you sick: the impact of racism on the health of Aboriginal Australians.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,31(4), 322-329. Marmot, M. (2010). Social determinants of health inequalities.The Lancet,365(9464), 1099-1104. Thomas, A., Cairney, S., Gunthorpe, W., Paradies, Y., Sayers, S. (2010). Strong Souls: development and validation of a culturally appropriate tool for assessment of social and emotional well-being in Indigenous youth.Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry,44(1), 40-48. Yoon, E., Lee, R. M., Goh, M. (2008). Acculturation, social connectedness, and subjective well-being.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,14(3), 246.

Chemistry Investigation :: essays research papers

Investigate A Factor Which Affects the Rate Of Fermentation Of Yeast This experiment is investigating one of the factors which affects the rate of fermentation of yeast. Several factors affect the rate of reaction:  Increasing the concentration. (See the lock and key theory.) If the substrate (glucose) is increased, then there would be more keys for the locks, therefore an increase in reactant concentration leads to an increase in reaction rate.  The surface area, the bigger the surface area, the faster the reaction time is, as the reactant can reach more parts.  The temperature, an increase in temperature leads to an increase in reactant rate. Generally, as the temperature is increased, the particles get more energy, so they bump into one another more, therefore speeding up the reaction time. This is called the collision theory, which I will discuss in greater depth later.  Whether or not there is a catalyst. A catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction and remains chemically unchanged by the end of the experiment. A catalyst lowers the activation energy. This is the energy needed to start a reaction. The variable that I have decided to change is the temperature. I have decided to alter the temperature of the yeast and time the amount of carbon dioxide that will be given off at different temperatures. I have decided to time how much carbon dioxide is given off in five minutes. Throughout the investigation, I will keep the temperature the same as I have specified for each reading. For example, if I am taking a reading in which the temperature must be 5 degrees, I will make sure that the yeast is kept at this temperature. When I am altering the temperature of the yeast, I will place it in a water bath of the specified temperature, which makes the temperature much more accurate. For example, if I heat up the yeast using a Bunsen burner, I could heat it up too much, thereby denaturing the enzymes and ruining the experiment. After the enzymes have been denatured, they can no longer react. It will also be important not to agitate the solution at all, because this would cause collisions between particles, speeding up the reaction time and making the test unfair. While doing an experiment such as this, it is vital to be safe at all times. You should stand up at all times, making sure that stools are firmly under desks.